2. Content and techniques

Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>

Specifically, the new WBQ brings: (A) data into the reputation of the new member; (B) tape from use on time of the prior times out of strong and you can fluid food, liquids or drinks out of a semi-decimal eating volume survey (FFQ) away from 58 delicacies validated to own quoting opportunity consumption and even more sugar and you may honey which is placed into products; and (C) quote regarding exercise with the the brand new Around the globe Physical working out Questionnaire (IPAQ) , which details duration of physical activity on around three interest accounts (serious, reasonable, mild do it) otherwise sedentary requirements. The brand new IPAQ could have been verified in past times because the a cross-national appliance to have tape exercise [20,21,22] and to estimate energy expenses.

The energy and you may drinking water stuff away from filed snacks and products is examined making use of the Eating plan Research As well as (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), which spends composition investigation throughout the USDA Federal Nutrient Database and you may selected Greek delicacies (i.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Based on overall times intake and effort costs, time equilibrium try evaluated also.

Contained in this studies, “drinks” refers to fresh fruit fruit juice otherwise packaged fruit juice 100% versus glucose articles, sugar-sugary beverages (SSDs) (fruits nectar having glucose, soft drinks with sugar and energy/isotonic beverages), low-calorie carbonated drinks, tea and natural infusions, milk (all types of dairy, chocolate milk and you will cocoa take in), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee-and java products, and you will alcoholic drinks (beer, wine and all of style of alcohol). “Take in times consumption (DEI)” identifies energy intake of beverages “total energy intake (TEI)” in order to time consumption out of every source and you can “times consumption hot Hong kong women off dinners” to help you time consumption from solid and you may water dishes (elizabeth.grams., soups). The fresh share from drinks communities in order to total time intake (studies out of Malisova et al. 2013), shown since the full water intake (TWI), i.age., liquid from products, liquid, good and you will liquid foods so when drink water intake (DWI), we.elizabeth., liquids out of products and you will water.

step three. Analytical Research

Answers are presented just like the indicate ± sd on typically marketed parameters and you will average (P25–P75) to the skewed of these. Normality is tested with the likelihood–possibilities spot (P–P area) and histograms. Differences when considering people concerning your complete time intake, time out-of beverages, times away from edibles, opportunity expenses, time equilibrium, drinking habits, water off liquids and you may drinks, h2o regarding drinks, liquid of h2o, liquids out-of ingredients, liquids losings and you can h2o equilibrium was indeed analyzed into separate test t-shot with the usually distributed parameters together with Mann-Whittney U-sample towards the skewed of those. Also, differences when considering the new five quartiles of time regarding drinks was basically reviewed into that-way ANOVA F-sample on the typically distributed parameters while the Kruskal-Wallis H Shot into the skewed of those. Significance level try lay at 5%. Correlations within sum out-of products to drinking habits from inside the family relations so you can opportunity during the winter and summer was indeed checked by the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s relationship coefficients to own generally distributed otherwise skewed details. Most of the mathematical analyses performed having fun with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).